PROGRAMMING

This book is a guide on how you can write a program based on the principles of program writing, the book has no additional information unless it is written in the program only with a few details. Drawings that are physical diagrams are drawn to show how the program works.

Used C ++ compiler where a challenge may arise if you copy this program to another compiler but the program code will remain the same

This book does not have any reference unless it tries to show how the program is written and that is why it does not have any information to put it in referen

Table of Contents

ARRAY DIMENSIONS. 1

THREE BY THREE DIMENSION ARRAY. 2

THREE BY THREE DIMENSION ARRAY. 6

SINGLE DIMENSION ARRAY. 15

TWO BY TWO DIMENSION.. 15

FLOW OF CONTROL. 18

DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION.. 19

PROGRAM TWO ALGORITHIM... 20

FLOW OF CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS. 22

FUNCTIONS. 30

INTRODUCTION.. 31

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS. 31

RULES FOR DECLARING FUNCTIONS. 32

STYLES FOR WRITING FUNCTION NAMES. 32

FUNCTION PARAMETERS AND NON PARAMETERS. 33

TYPES OF PARAMETERS. 34

GLOBAL AND LOCAL FUNCTION DEFINITION.. 35

POINTER. 43

REFERENCE PROGRAM... 44

VARIABLE ADDRESS. 44

MODIFYING POINTER. 45

SINGLE DIMENSION ARRAY. 46

ARRAY/ CALENDER. 47

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS VS SWITCH CASE. 51

WHILE LOOP/ AGE DETERMINATION.. 52

NESTED IF INSIDE BOTH IF AND ELSE. 53

NESTED IF INSIDE ELSE BLOCK. 53

NESTED IF STATEMENT INSIDE IF. 54

IF INSIDE IF GRADING SYSTEM PROGRAM... 55

SWITCH CASE INSIDE SWITCH.. 56

FILE HANDLING.. 57

FILE HANDILING CREATE FILE MANUAL. 58

CREATE FILE MANUAL 2 DISPLAY NAMES. 58

CREATE FILE MANUAL ARRAY AND FUNCTION.. 59

CREATE FILE MANUAL WHILE LOOP. 59

CREATE FILE USER INPUT AND OUTPUT. 60

CREATE FILE CREATE ACCOUNT AND LOGIN.. 61

SOLVING QUESTIONS. 62

RAM DIAGRAM VS PHYSICAL MODEL. 71

GENERAL CONCEPTS

v VARIABLE DECLARATION

v VARIABLE INITILIZATION

v FLOW OF CONTROL

v WHILE LOOP

v FOR LOOP

v DO WHILE LOOP

v SWITCH CASE

v POINTER

v ARRAY

v 1 DIMENSION ARRAY

v 2 DIMENSIONS ARRAY

v 3 DIMENSION ARRAY

v ARRAY WITH IF CONDITION

v ARRAY WITH LOOP

v FUNCTION

v FUNCTION TYPES

v FUNCTION PARAMETERS

v PARAMETER CATEGORIES

v IF CONDITION

v DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

v DYNAMIC MEMORY DE ALLOCATION

v RAM DIAGRAMS

ARRAY DIMENSIONS

THREE BY THREE DIMENSION ARRAY

THREE DIMENSIONS, TWO ROWS, TWO COLUMNS

PROGRAM 1 NON USER INPUT

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int arr[3][2][2] = { {{1,2},{3,4}}, {{5,6},{7,8}}, {{9,10},{11/,12}} };

for(int a=0;a<3;a++)

{

for(int b=0;b<2;b++)

{

for(int c=0;c<2;c++)

{

cout<<arr[a][b][c]<<endl;

}

PROGRAM 1 PHYSICAL TABLE

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

int arr[3][2][2] = { {{1,2},{3,4}}, {{5,6},{7,8}}, {{9,10},{11/,12}} };

INDEX 0

1^st DIMENSION INDEX 0

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

2^ND DIMENSION INDEX 1

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

3^RD DIMENSION INDEX 2

INDEX 1

PROGRAM 2 USER INPUT

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int arr[3][2][2] ;

cout<<"enter elements";

for(int i=0;i<3;i++)

{

for(int j=0;j<2;j++)

{

for(int x=0;x<2;x++)

{

cin>>arr[i][j][x];

}

for(int a=0;a<3;a++)

{

for(int b=0;b<2;b++)

{

for(int c=0;c<2;c++)

{

cout<<arr[a][b][c]<<endl;

}

PROGRAM 2 PHYSICAL TABLE

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

int arr[3][2][2] = { {{1,2},{3,4}}, {{5,6},{7,8}}, {{9,10},{11/,12}} };

INDEX 0

1^st DIMENSION INDEX 0

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

2^ND DIMENSION INDEX 1

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

INDEX 1

INDEX 0

3^RD DIMENSION INDEX 2

INDEX 1

THREE BY THREE DIMENSION ARRAY

THREE DIMENSIONS, THREE ROWS, THREE COLUMS

PROGRAM 3 PRINT INITILIZED CHARACTERS

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

string arrai[3][3][3]= {

{{"a","b","c"},{"d","e","f"},{"g","h","i"}},

{{"j","k","l"},{"m","n","o"},{"p","q","r"}},

{{"s","t","u"},{"v","w","x"},{"y","z","jina lako ni"}}

};

cout<<arrai[2][2][2]<<endl;

cout<<arrai[2][0][0];

cout<<arrai[0][2][1];

cout<<arrai[0][0][0];

cout<<arrai[1][1][0];

cout<<arrai[0][2][2];

cout<<arrai[1][2][2] ;}

PROGRAM 3 PHYSICAL TABLE

string arrai[3][3][3]= {

{{"a","b","c"},{"d","e","f"},{"g","h","i"}},

{{"j","k","l"},{"m","n","o"},{"p","q","r"}},

0 1 2 column

{{"s","t","u"},{"v","w","x"},{"y","z","jina lako ni"}}

a	b	c
d	e	f
g	h	i

row

1^st DIMENSION INDEX 0

0 1 2 column

j	k	l
m	n	o
p	q	r

2^ND DIMENSION INDEX 1

0 1 2 column

row

s	t	u
v	w	x
y	z	jina lako ni

3^RD DIMENSION INDEX 2

row

PROGRAM 3 OUTPUT ANALYSIS

[2] =index 2 dimension

[2] =row no: 2

[2] =column no: 2

=jina lako ni

cout<<arrai[2][2][2]<<endl;

[2] =index 2 dimension

[0] =row no: 0

[0] =column no: 0

cout<<arrai[2][0][0];

[0] =index 0 dimension

[2] =row no: 2

[1] =column no: 1

cout<<arrai[0][2][1];

[0] =index 0 dimension

[0] =row no: 0

[0] =column no: 0

cout<<arrai[0][0][0];

[1] =index 1 dimension

[1] =row no: 1

[0] =column no: 0

cout<<arrai[1][1][0];

[0] =index 0 dimension

[2] =row no: 2

[2] =column no: 2

cout<<arrai[0][2][2];

[1] =index 1 dimension

[2] =row no: 2

[2] =column no: 2

cout<<arrai[1][2][2] ;

PROGRAM 4 PRINT USER ENTERED

PROGRAM THAT PRINTS ALL ALPHABET ENTERED BY USER INPUT

UNSPECIFIED SIZE

THREE BY THREE DIMENSION ARRAY

User enters characters until they meet maximum array size 3x3x3=27 characters specified default in array size declaration

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

cout<<"enter character";

char arrai[3][3][3];

for (int a=0;a<3;a++)

{

for (int b=0;b<3;b++)

{

for (int c=0;c<3;c++)

{

cin>>arrai[a][b][c];

}

}}

PROGRAM 4 PHYSICAL TABLE

char arrai[3][3][3];

suppose user input A to Z how would loop round to display outputs ?

a	b	c
d	e	f
g	h	i

row

1^st DIMENSION INDEX 0

0 1 2 column

j	k	l
m	n	o
p	q	r

row

2^ND DIMENSION INDEX 1

0 1 2 column

s	t	u
v	w	x
y	z	A

row

3^RD DIMENSION INDEX 2

PROGRAM 4 INPUT ANALYSIS

DIMENSION 0 1^ST ROW

A in DIMENSION [0] ROW [0] COLUMN [0] will be saved

for (int a=0;a<3;a++)

B in DIMENSION [0] ROW [0] COLUMN [1] will be saved

{

for (int b=0;b<3;b++)

C in DIMENSION [0] ROW [0] COLUMN [2] will be saved

{

for (int c=0;c<3;c++)

DIMENSION 0 2^ND ROW

{

cin>>arrai[a][b][c];

E in DIMENSION [0] ROW [1] COLUMN [1] will be saved

F in DIMENSION [0] ROW [1] COLUMN [2] will be saved

G in DIMENSION [0] ROW [2] COLUMN [0] will be saved

I in DIMENSION [0] ROW [2] COLUMN [2] will be saved

K in DIMENSION [1] ROW [0] COLUMN [1] will be saved

L in DIMENSION [1] ROW [0] COLUMN [2] will be saved

N in DIMENSION [1] ROW [1] COLUMN [1] will be saved

DIMENSION 1 2^ND ROW

P in DIMENSION [1] ROW [2] COLUMN [0] will be saved

R in DIMENSION [1] ROW [2] COLUMN [2] will be saved

Z in DIMENSION [2] ROW [2] COLUMN [1] will be saved

DIMENSION 2 2^ND ROW

W in DIMENSION [2] ROW [1] COLUMN [1] will be saved

DIMENSION 2 1^ST ROW

T in DIMENSION [2] ROW [0] COLUMN [1] will be saved

DIMENSION 2 3^ND ROW

S in DIMENSION [2] ROW [0] COLUMN [0] will be saved

U in DIMENSION [2] ROW [0] COLUMN [2] will be saved

V in DIMENSION [2] ROW [1] COLUMN [0] will be saved

X in DIMENSION [2] ROW [1] COLUMN [2] will be saved

Y in DIMENSION [2] ROW [2] COLUMN [0] will be saved

A in DIMENSION [2] ROW [2] COLUMN [2] will be saved

DIMENSION 1 3^ND ROW

Q in DIMENSION [1] ROW [2] COLUMN [1] will be saved

M in DIMENSION [1] ROW [1] COLUMN [0] will be saved

0 in DIMENSION [1] ROW [1] COLUMN [2] will be saved

J in DIMENSION [1] ROW [0] COLUMN [0] will be saved

DIMENSION 1 1^ST ROW

DIMENSION 0 3^ND ROW

H in DIMENSION [0] ROW [2] COLUMN [1] will be saved

D in DIMENSION [0] ROW [1] COLUMN [0] will be saved

PROGRAM 4 INPUT/OUTPUT TABLE

a	b	c
d	e	f
g	h	i

row

1^st DIMENSION INDEX 0

0 1 2 column

j	k	l
m	n	o
p	q	r

2^ND DIMENSION INDEX 1

0 1 2 column

row

s	t	u
v	w	x
y	z	jina lako ni

3^RD DIMENSION INDEX 2

row

SINGLE DIMENSION ARRAY

PROGRAM 5

· PRINTS ONLY USER NAME

· ENTERED BY USER INPUT

· SPECIFIED SIZE

· ACCORDING TO NAME SIZE

· USER CHOOSE SIZE OF HIS NAME

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int size;

cout<<"enter size";

cin>>size;

string names[size];

cout<<"enter char";

for(int a=0;a<size;a++)

{

cin>>names[a];

}

cout<<"your names"<<endl;

for(int a=0;a<size;a++)

{

cout<<names[a];

}

TWO BY TWO DIMENSION

· PROGRAM 6

· NON USER INPUT

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int array[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};

for(int a=0;a<2;a++)

{

for(int j=0;j<3;j++)

{

cout<<array[a][j];

}

PROGRAM 6 PHYSICAL TABLE

int array[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};

0 1 2

1	2	3
4	5	6

PROGRAM 6 OUTPUT ANALYSIS

Index [0][0] print 1

Index [0][1] print 2

Index [0][2] print 3

Index [1][0] print 4

Index [1][1] print 5

Index [1][2] print 6

for(int a=0;a<2;a++)

{

for(int j=0;j<3;j++)

FLOW OF CONTROL

DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

PROGRAM ONE WITHOUT CONDITION

Memory allocation command

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int size;

Assigning variable “size” to pointer

string *ptr= NULL;

cout<<"how many tanzania cities"<<endl;

cin>>size;

ptr=new string[size];

Loop, input one by one element according to size

cout<<"enter one by one cities"<<endl;

for(int i=0;i<size;i++)

{

cin>>ptr[i];

Input pointer array to i

}

cout<<"you have entered"<<endl;

for(int i=0;i<size;i++)

{

cout<<ptr[i];

Loop, to output one by one element according to size

}

Memory de allocation

delete ptr;

return 0;

}

v PROGRAM ONE ALGORITHIM

STEP 1: HOW MANY TANZANIA CITIES

STEP 2: READ ARRAY SIZE

STEP 3: ENTER ONE BY ONE CITY

STEP 3: ASSIGN VARIABLE SIZE TO POINTER

STEP 4: ASSIGN I TO ARRAY SIZE

STEP 5: READ/PRINT ONE ONE CITY

v PROGRAM TWO WITH CONDITION

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int size;

string *ptr= NULL;

cout<<"how many tanzania cities"<<endl;

cin>>size;

ptr=new string[size];

if(size>5)

{//

cout<<"enter one by one cities"<<endl;

for(int i=0;i<size;i++)

{

cin>>ptr[i];

}

cout<<"you have entered"<<endl;

for(int i=0;i<size;i++)

{

cout<<ptr[i];

}

}//

else

{

cout<<"tanzania cities are not less than 5";

}

delete ptr;

return 0;

}

PROGRAM TWO ALGORITHIM

STEP 1: HOW MANY TANZANIA CITIES

STEP 2: READ ARRAY SIZE IF >=5 CONTINUE

STEP 3: ENTER ONE BY ONE CITY

STEP 4: ASSIGN VARIABLE SIZE TO POINTER

STEP 5: ASSIGN I TO ARRAY SIZE

STEP 6: READ/PRINT ONE ONE CITY

STEP 7: TANZANIA CITIES ARE NOT LESS THAN 5

FLOW OF CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS

· FOR LOOP

· PROGRAM THREE

· INITILIZATION OUTSIDE THE LOOP

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int x=0;

for(; x<10 ; )

{

cout<<x;

++x;

}

UPDATE

v UPDATE

v DECLARATION

v INITILIZATION

v DECLARATION

v INITILIZATION

v CONDITION

v UPDATE

}

· PROGRAM FOUR

· INITILIZATION INSIDE THE LOOP

· UPDATE OUTSIDE THE LOOP

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

INITILIZATION

int main()

v UPDATE

{

for(int x=0; x<=10;)

{

cout<<x;

++x;

}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

INITILIZATION

int main()

v UPDATE

{

for(int x=0; x<=10; ++x;)

{

cout<<x;

}

CONDITION

}

X++ POST INCREMENTATION

++X PRE INCREMENTATION

x- - POST DECREMENTATION

-- x PRE DECREMENTATION

· WHILE LOOP

· PROGRAM FIVE

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int x=0;

while( x<=10)

{

cout<<x;

++x;

}

· DO WHILE LOOP

· PROGRAM SIX

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int x=0;

{

++x;

cout<<x;

}

while( x<=10);

}

· FOR LOOP, WITH IF CONDITION

· PROGRAM SEVEN

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int year;

for(int x=3;x>=1;--x)

{

cout<<"enter current year"<<endl;

cin>>year;

if(year==2020)

{

cout<<"correct"<<endl;

break;

}

else

{

cout<<"incorrect"<<endl;

cout<<"remain retries="<<x<<endl;

}

· SWITCH CASE

· USER INPUT

· PROGRAM EIGHT

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

char choice;

cout<<"choose character"<<endl;

cin>>choice;

switch(choice)

{

case 'a':

cout<<"you input a";

break;

Character datatype use single ‘ ’

For string use “ “

case 'b':

cout<<"you input b";

break;

case 'd':

cout<<"you input d";

break;

case 'e':

cout<<"you input e";

break;

case 'f':

cout<<"you input f";

No break; on default

break;

default:

cout<<"no input";

}

· NON USER INPUT

· PROGRAM EIGHT

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

char choose_='udom';

switch(choose_)

{

case 'cive':

cout<<"library";

break;

case 'udom':

cout<<"lab";

break;

case 'humanities':

cout<<"cafeteria";

break;

default:

cout<<"none";

}

FUNCTIONS

INTRODUCTION

For Any function to declare, should follow standards

Return type function name ()

{

}

Return type often returns the data type

There are two major types of return type

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

v Return functions

v Non return functions

Those are described by keyword “return type”

1. RETURN FUNCTIONS

Is any function that returns value, the syntax is Return type function name ()

They should start with the following data types:

Float

Double

Int

String

Char

For example

Float addition ()

{

}

Returns float data type

Whenever variable should relate with specified return type

int addition ()

{

}

Returns int data type

Whenever declared variables should relate with specified return type

char register ()

{

}

Returns characters data type

Whenever declared variables should relate with specified return type

string register ()

{

}

Returns string data type

Whenever declared variables should relate with specified return type

2. NON RETURN FUNCTIONS

Is the type of function that does not return any value, keyword void is used. Syntax example:

Void addition()

{

}

RULES FOR DECLARING FUNCTIONS

v Does not start with number. Example void 4c()

v Do not use keywords. Example void for()

v No space is allowed. Example void my name ()

STYLES FOR WRITING FUNCTION NAMES

The name of function can be written in one among of the following two ways:

v Camelcase style

v British style

1. THE CAMELCASE STYLE

Ø The universal style that states that:

Ø Function names should start with small letters

Ø But when joining two words, first word in small and second name start with capital letter

Examples:

Void myFunction()

{

}

Void myFunctionOne()

{

}

2. BRITISH STYLE

Declaration of functions must follow rules otherwise small or capital letter does not matter

Example:

Void MyfUnCtionoNe()

{

}

FUNCTION PARAMETERS AND NON PARAMETERS

As we explain from above, that a function can return a kind of data type (return function) or not (non return function).

Those types of functions, could be declared with parameters or non parameters

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONS

v Passing parameters

v Non Passing parameters

1. PASSING PARAMETER

Parameters are passed during function definition. Syntax is

Void (int x, int z)

{

Return(x+z);

}

Void (int , int )

{

Int a,b;

Return (a+b);

}

The differences between these two examples is that: when you declare variable within parameter Void (int x, int z) you will no need to declare variables within the function

2. WITHOUT PASSING PARAMETER

No parameter is encountered or no variables are passed within a parameter. Example

Void number()

{

}

Wherever you pass parameters, relies on the following scope

TYPES OF PARAMETERS

v Passing by values

v Passing by reference

1. PASSING BY VALUES

Passing by values

Void addition (int a, int b)

{

Return(a+b);

}

Void addition (int , int )

{

Int a,b;

Return(a+b);

}

2. PASSING BY REFERENCE

Passing by reference when pointers is encountered

Void addition (int &a, int &b)

{

Return(a+b);

}

Void addition (int , int )

{

Int &a, &b;

Return(a+b);

}

GLOBAL AND LOCAL FUNCTION DEFINITION

1. GLOBAL FUNCTION

Accessed wherever within a program, is declared before main function

#include <iostream>

#include<fstream>

Global function

using namespace std;

void addition(int a,int b)

{

cout<<(a+b);

}

int main()

{

int x=10,z=5;

addition(x,z);

}

2. LOCAL FUNCTION

Accessed wherever within a program, is declared before main function

Local function is declared within a main function

EXAMPLE 1 WITHOUT PASSING PARAMETER:

create a program to perform addition,sub,mult and div divide your program into four functions. Consider

v without passing parameter

v return type =void

v Declare variables

v Initialize values

v output

#include <iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

void addition()

{

int a,b,answer;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter first second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

answer=a+b;

cout<<answer;

//or

//cout (a+b);

}

void sub()

{

int a,b,answer;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter first second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

answer=a-b;

cout<<answer;

//or

//cout (a-b);

}

void mult()

{

int a,b,answer;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter first second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

answer=a*b;

cout<<answer;

//or

//cout (a*b);

}

void div()

{

int a,b,answer;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter first second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

if(a>b)

{

answer=a/b;

cout<<answer;

//or

//cout (a/b);

}

else

{

answer=b/a;

cout<<answer;

//or

//cout (a/b);

}

int main()

{

addition();

sub();

mult();

div();

}

EXAMPLE 2 WITH PASSING PARAMETER:

create a program to perform addition,sub,mult and div divide your program into four functions. Consider

v passing parameter

v return type =void

when passing parameter, all variables are declared within a parameter,

no data input is allowed (CIN)

#include <iostream>

Its not necessary parameter variables to match with main function variables

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

//when passing parameters, cin key word is prohibited

//initialization is prohibited

//declaration is within parameter

void addition(int a, int b)

{

cout<<(a+b) ;

}

void sub(int a, int b)

{

cout<<(a-b) ;

}

void mult(int a, int b)

{

cout<<(a*b) ;

}

void div(int a, int b)

{

cout<<(a/b) ;

}

int main()

{

int a1;

int a2;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a1;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>a2;

addition(a1,a2);

int b1;

int b2;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>b1;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>b2;

sub(b1,b2);

int c1;

int c2;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>c1;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>c2;

mult(c1,c2);

int d1;

int d2;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>d1;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>d2;

div(d1,d2);

}

1. RETURN FUNCTION WITHOUT PASSING PARAMETER

Return a value

Can be written either with passing parameter, on non passing parameter

EXAMPLE 3.

Without passing parameter

Ø Note: do not use VOID void addition() is example

Ø Do not use COUT cout<<answer; otherwise you prompt user to enter data

Ø Only needs: variable declaration and initialization

Ø Int, float, double, char and string are return type int addition(); is example

Ø In main function to call specific function, use cout<<function_name(); is example

create a program to perform addition, sub, mult and div divide your program into four functions. Consider

v Without passing parameter

v return type =int

#include <iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int addition()

{

int a;

int b;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

return(a+b);

}

int sub()

{

int a;

int b;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

return(a-b);

}

int mult()

{

int a;

int b;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

return(a*b);

}

int div()

{

int a;

int b;

cout<<"enter first number"<<endl;

cin>>a;

cout<<"enter second number"<<endl;

cin>>b;

return(a/b);

}

int main()

{

cout<<addition();

cout<<sub();

cout<<mult();

cout<<div();

}

2. RETURN FUNCTION WITH PARAMETER

#include <iostream>

#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int addition(int a , int b)

{

cout<<(a+b);

}

int sub(int a , int b)

{

RETURN TYPE WITH PARAMETER

cout<<(a-b);

}

int mult(int a , int b)

{

cout<<(a*b);

}

int div(int a , int b)

{

cout<<(a/b);

}

int main()

{

int a1,a2;

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>a1;

Call the fuction with variables to match the parameter

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>a2;

addition(a1,a2);

int b1,b2;

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>b1;

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>b2;

sub(b1,b2);

int c1,c2;

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>c1;

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>c2;

mult(c1,c2);

int d1,d2;

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>d1;

cout<<"enter first no"<<endl;

cin>>d2;

div(d1,b2);

return 0;

}

POINTER

REFERENCE PROGRAM

#include<iostream>

//also & can be used to get memory address of a stored variable

//reference name mji to refer to the dodoma variable:

using namespace std;

int main()

{

string dodoma ="makulu";

string &mji= dodoma;

cout<<dodoma;

cout<< &mji;

}

VARIABLE ADDRESS

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

//also & can be used to get memory address of a stored variable

//when variable is created memory address stored to that variable

//and when assigning value to variable its also stored in this address

string dodoma ="makulu";

string &mji= dodoma;

cout<<dodoma;

cout<<mji;

}

MODIFYING POINTER

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

string food="ugali";

string* ptr= &food;

cout<< food; //results normal variable"ugali"

cout<< &food; //result memory address

cout<< ptr; //result the memory address of variable food

*ptr="wali"; //change the value from variable food to be wali

cout<< *ptr; //shows the changed variable

SINGLE DIMENSION ARRAY

ARRAY/ CALENDER

// A C++ Program to Implement a Calendar

// of an year

#include<bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

/*A Function that returns the index of the day

of the date- day/month/year

For e.g-

Index Day

0 Sunday

1 Monday

2 Tuesday

3 Wednesday

4 Thursday

5 Friday

6 Saturday*/

int dayNumber(int day, int month, int year)

{

static int t[] = { 0, 3, 2, 5, 0, 3, 5, 1,

4, 6, 2, 4 };

year -= month < 3;

return ( year + year/4 - year/100 +

year/400 + t[month-1] + day) % 7;

}

A Function that returns the name of the month

with a given month number

Month Number Name

0 January

1 February

2 March

3 April

4 May

5 June

6 July

7 August

8 September

9 October

10 November

11 December */

string getMonthName(int monthNumber)

{

string months[] = {"January", "February", "March",

"April", "May", "June",

"July", "August", "September",

"October", "November", "December"

};

return (months[monthNumber]);

}

/* A Function to return the number of days in

a month

Month Number Name Number of Days

0 January 31

1 February 28 (non-leap) / 29 (leap)

2 March 31

3 April 30

4 May 31

5 June 30

6 July 31

7 August 31

8 September 30

9 October 31

10 November 30

11 December 31

int numberOfDays (int monthNumber, int year)

{

// January

if (monthNumber == 0)

return (31);

// February

if (monthNumber == 1)

{

// If the year is leap then February has

// 29 days

if (year % 400 == 0 ||

(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0))

return (29);

else

return (28);

}

// March

if (monthNumber == 2)

return (31);

// April

if (monthNumber == 3)

return (30);

// May

if (monthNumber == 4)

return (31);

// June

if (monthNumber == 5)

return (30);

// July

if (monthNumber == 6)

return (31);

// August

if (monthNumber == 7)

return (31);

// September

if (monthNumber == 8)

return (30);

// October

if (monthNumber == 9)

return (31);

// November

if (monthNumber == 10)

return (30);

// December

if (monthNumber == 11)

return (31);

}

// Function to print the calendar of the given year

void printCalendar(int year)

{

printf (" Calendar - %d\n\n", year);

int days;

// Index of the day from 0 to 6

int current = dayNumber (1, 1, year);

// i --> Iterate through all the months

// j --> Iterate through all the days of the

// month - i

for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++)

{

days = numberOfDays (i, year);

// Print the current month name

printf("\n ------------%s-------------\n",

getMonthName (i).c_str());

// Print the columns

printf(" Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat\n");

// Print appropriate spaces

int k;

for (k = 0; k < current; k++)

printf(" ");

for (int j = 1; j <= days; j++)

{

printf("%5d", j);

if (++k > 6)

{

k = 0;

printf("\n");

}

if (k)

printf("\n");

current = k;

}

return;

}

// Driver Program to check above funtions

int main()

{

int year = 2016;

printCalendar(year);

return (0);

}

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS VS SWITCH CASE

WHILE LOOP/ AGE DETERMINATION

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int attempt=0;

do{

int years;int age;

cout<<"ingiza mwaka wa kuzaliwa";

//suppose is 1990

cin>>years;

cout<<"ingiza umri wa sasa";

//suppose 30

cin>>age;

//calculate 2020-1990 is answer 30 ??

if(2020-years==age)

{

cout<<"mwaka wa kuzaliwa na umri ni sawa";

//if true stop here

break;

}

//if false continue here

else

{

cout<<"umri na mwaka wa kuzaliwa haviendani";

//repeat until birthyear and age matches

attempt ++;

cout<<"umejaribu mara ya="<<attempt;

}

//excute here condition

while(attempt<3);

//but if number of tries limit is 3, then do this....

if(attempt=3)

{

//continue;

cout<<"umefikia ukomo kujaribu mara 3";

}

NESTED IF INSIDE BOTH IF AND ELSE

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int x=3;

int y=4;

int z=12;

int ans;

if (x>=y)

{

if (x==y)

{

ans=x+y;

cout<<ans;

}

else

{

cout<<"not equal to y"<<endl;

}

else

{

if(x<=y)

{

ans=x*y;

cout<<ans<<endl;

}

else

{

cout<<"x is not less than or equal to y"<<endl;

}

NESTED IF INSIDE ELSE BLOCK

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int x=10;

int y=20;

int z;

if (x>y)

{

z=x+y;

cout<<z;

}

else

{

if(x<y)

{

cout<<"x<y";

}

else

{

cout<<"not true";

}

NESTED IF STATEMENT INSIDE IF

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

float results;

int x=14;

int y=20;

int z=12;

if (x<=y)

{

if (x>z)

{

results=x*y;

cout<<results;

}

else

results=x/y;

cout<<results;

}

else

results=x*y/z;

cout<<results;

}

IF INSIDE IF GRADING SYSTEM PROGRAM

//if statement inside if

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

int sumMark,avMark,markGrade,subject1,subject2,subject3,subject4;

string studentLevel;

cout<<"what is the level of student?"<<endl;

cin>>studentLevel;

if (studentLevel=="formsix"||studentLevel=="FORMSIX")

{

cout<<"welcome to grading system enter marks for student"<<endl;

cout<<"enter GS marks"<<endl;

cin>>subject1;

cout<<"enter chemistry marks"<<endl;

cin>>subject2;

cout<<"enter physics marks"<<endl;

cin>>subject3;

cout<<"enter mathematics marks"<<endl;

cin>>subject4;

cout<<"total marks="; sumMark=subject1+subject2+subject3+subject4;

cout<<sumMark<<endl;

cout<<"avarage marks="; avMark=sumMark/4;

cout<<avMark<<endl;

markGrade=avMark;

cout<<"grade is";

if (markGrade>=0 &&markGrade<=20)

{

cout<<"F";

}

else if (markGrade>=21 &&markGrade<=29)

{

cout<<"E";

}

else if (markGrade>=30 && markGrade<=44)

{

cout<<"D";

}

else if (markGrade>=45 && markGrade<=60)

{

cout<<"c";

}

else if (markGrade>=61 && markGrade<=74)

{

cout<<"B";

}

else if (markGrade>=75 && markGrade<=100)

{

cout<<"A";

}

else

{

cout<<"no exam have been done";

}

else

{

cout<<"only for form six";

}

SWITCH CASE INSIDE SWITCH

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

int password=10;

int id=2020;

switch (password)

{

case 10:

switch (id)

{

case 2020:

cout <<"correctly";

break;

}

default:

cout<<"either one incorrect";

}

FILE HANDLING

FILE HANDILING CREATE FILE MANUAL

#include<iostream>

#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

ifstream infile;

infile.open("data.txt");

int x;

int y;

int z;

infile>>x>>y>>z;

cout <<"your x data is"<<x<<endl<<"your y data is"<<y;

}

CREATE FILE MANUAL 2 DISPLAY NAMES

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

#include<string>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

ifstream majinayangu;

majinayangu.open("mynames.txt");

//check if file "mynames" exist

if (majinayangu.fail())

{

cerr<<"no such file!!!!!!";

exit(1);

}

//end file check

string firstname,middlename,lastname;

majinayangu>>firstname;

majinayangu>>middlename;

majinayangu>>lastname;

cout<<"your names are"<<firstname<<endl<<middlename<<lastname;

majinayangu.close();

}

CREATE FILE MANUAL ARRAY AND FUNCTION

//physical file named "data" value=2

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

#include<string>

using namespace std;

int jumlisha()

{

ifstream ongeza;

ongeza.open("data.txt");

//check if file exit

if(ongeza.fail())

{

cerr<<"no such file";

exit(1);

}

int x;

ongeza>>x;

for ( x; x <= 5; x++)

{

cout<<x;

}

int main()

{

int jumlisha();

jumlisha();

}

CREATE FILE MANUAL WHILE LOOP

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

#include<string>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

string majina;

int count=0;

//read until you have reached the end

ifstream mikoa;

mikoa.open("data.txt");

while (!mikoa.eof())

{

mikoa>>majina;

count++;

cout<<count<<"your instances are"<<endl;

}

CREATE FILE USER INPUT AND OUTPUT

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int a,b,c;

int data1 ()

{

ofstream data1;

cout<<"input two numbers"<<endl<<endl;

cin>>a;

cin>>b;

data1.open("data.txt");

data1<<a<<b;

cout<<"first_data is"<<a<<endl;

data1.close();

}

int data2()

{

ifstream demo;

demo.open("data.txt");

demo>>a>>b;

cout<<"second_data is"<<b<<endl;

}

int main()

{

data1();

data2();

}

CREATE FILE CREATE ACCOUNT AND LOGIN

#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int a,b,c;

int data1 ()

{

ofstream data1;

cout<<"input two numbers"<<endl<<endl;

cin>>a;

cin>>b;

data1.open("data.txt");

data1<<a<<b;

cout<<"first_data is"<<a<<endl;

data1.close();

}

int data2()

{

ifstream demo;

demo.open("data.txt");

demo>>a>>b;

cout<<"second_data is"<<b<<endl;

}

int main()

{

data1();

data2();

}

SOLVING QUESTIONS

QUESTION ONE.

(A) Algorithm to display employee birth year, retirement time and how many days remain. Imagine 55 years are minimal retirement guarantee.

The operation is, the user enters current age, then the age will be taken into considerations using arithmetic operations to calculate when he/she was born, how many years left to retire and when retirement will begin

Step 1: start

Step 2 : enter your age say AGE

Step 3: RETIRE=55

Step 4: BIRTHYEAR = 2020-AGE

Step 5: REMAINYEARS= RETIRE-AGE

Step 6: YEAR_TO_RETIRE =2020+AGE

Step 7: display “your birth year is” BIRTHYEAR

Step 8: display “it remains to retire” YEAR_TO_RETIRE

Step 9: display “you will retire” YEAR TO RETIRE

Step 10: Stop.

---------------------------------------*******----------------------------------------------

(B). The flow chart illustrates how the problem is solved

stop

start

Enter age

Retire =55

Birth year= 2020 - age

Remain years=retire - age

Year to retire =2020 + age

Print Birth year

Print Remain years

Print Year to retire

QUESTION TWO:

(A). The following algorithm compare username and password whether they meet with stored information, if both are correct, then will display “correct “ otherwise one of them is incorrect (the LOGICAL AND) is used for logical comparison

Step 1: enter username and password say USERNAME,PASSWORD

Step 2: USERNAME = CIVE, PASSWORD = 2020

Step 3: if USERNAME ==CIVE and PASSWORD==2020 then

Print correct details

Else

Print either username or password mismatch

End if

start

Step 4: stop

Enter username and password

Username= CIVE

Password = 2020

if username== CIVE and password= =2020

Correct details

incorrect details

stop

true

false

B. The flow chart illustrates how the problem is solved

QUESTION 3

start

(A). Create the flow chart to display student marks then assign to corresponding grade where A is between 90-100, B=80-90, C=70-80 and D= 50-70 then less that 49 is F .

Enter marks

If marks >=90

Print A

If marks >=80

Print B

If marks >=70

Print C

If marks >=50

Print D

Print F

yes

else

stop

---------------------------------------*******----------------------------------------------

(B). Algorithm illustrates how the problem is solved

Step 1: start

Step 2: enter your marks say MARKS

Step 3: if MARKS >=90 then

Print A

else if MARKS >=80 then

Print B

else if MARKS >=70 then

Print C

else if MARKS >=50 then

Print D

Else

Print F

End if

Step 4: stop

QUESTION 4

(A). Create algorithm to display numbers form 0 to 100 using looping repetition (for loop)

Step 1: start

Step 2: character i=0

Step 3: for i < = 100

Display i

The flow chart illustrates how the problem is solved

End loop

Step 4: i++

Step 5: stop

start

i=0

Print i

i ++

For i < = 100

stop

false

true

QUESTION 5

(B). Create algorithm to display numbers form 0 to 100 using looping repetition (while loop)

Step 1: start

Step 2: character i=0

Step 3: do

print i

i++

Step 5: while i<=100

Step 6: end loop

Step 7: stop

---------------------------------------*******----------------------------------------------

The flow chart illustrates how the problem is solved

start

i=0

Read i

Print i

i++

i<=100

stop

False

True ?

RAM DIAGRAM VS PHYSICAL MODEL

Simple program adding integer numbers by function

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int addition(int namba1,int namba2)

{

int result=namba1+namba2;

return result;

}

int main()

{

int value1,value2;

cin>>value1>>value2;

cout <<addition (value1,value2);

return 0;

}

(A) RAM DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATION

RESERVED

FREE

RESERVED

FREE

Value2

Value1

results

Namba2

Value22

results

Namba2

Namba1

Value1

Namba1

(B) PHYSICAL MODEL

(i) Memory status before variable declaration:

(ii) Variable reservation

Value 2

Namba1

Namba2

result

Value1

(iii) Data feeding

Value 2

Namba1

Namba2

result

Value1

(iv) Data processing

Value 2

Namba1

Namba2

result

Value1

ARRAY

FILE HANDLING

FUNCTIONS

LOOP

RAM DIAGRAMS

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

//array in global declaration

int arraymoja [7];

int numbermoja=0;

//file handle function to store data in array

int filehandling()

{

ofstream myfile;

myfile.open("myfile.html");

cout<<"enter number for loop";

while(numbermoja<=6)

{

cin>>arraymoja[numbermoja];

myfile<<arraymoja[numbermoja];

numbermoja++;

}

//function to display greating

string salamu()

{

string greating="hellow";

cout<<greating;

}

int main()

{

int filehandling();

filehandling();

string salamu();

salamu();

}

VARIABLE /ARRAY RESERVATION

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

DATA FEEDING

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

SUPPOSE USER ENTER 8 WILL BE STORED IN INDEX 0

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

SUPPOSE USER ENTER 44 WILL BE STORED IN INDEX 1

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

SUPPOSE USER ENTER 50 WILL BE STORED IN INDEX 2

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

SUPPOSE USER ENTER 100 WILL BE STORED IN INDEX 3

100

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

SUPPOSE USER ENTER 22 WILL BE STORED IN INDEX 4

100

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

SUPPOSE USER ENTER 26 WILL BE STORED IN INDEX 5

100

RESERVED

ARRAYMOJA

NUMBERMOJA

SUPPOSE USER ENTER 9 WILL BE STORED IN INDEX 6

100

ARRAYMOJA

COMPLETE MODEL

NUMBERMOJA

100

HELLOW

ARRAYMOJA

GREETING

NUMBERMOJA

//simple program for adding three integers

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int udom, ud, mou;

cin>>ud >>mou;

udom=ud+mou;

cout<<udom <<endl;

return 0;

}

v RAM DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATION

RESERVED

FREE

RESERVED

FREE

UDOM

MOU

UDOM

MOU

UDOM

v PHYSICAL MODEL ILLUSTRATION

Memory status before variable declaration:

Memory status after variable declaration/ labeling

Three spaces are reserved for variable UDOM, UD, MOU

MOU

UDOM

Memory status after data feeding/ data input

MOU

UDOM

Memory status after data processing

MOU

UDOM

v A SIMPLE PROGRAM FOR INTEGERS SUBTRACTION

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int num1, num2, output;

cin>>num1 >>num2;

output=num1-num2;

cout<<output<<endl;

return 0;

}

v RAM DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATION

RESERVED

FREE

-2

FREE

RESERVED

FREE

OUTPUT

NUM2

OUTPUT

NUM2

OUTPUT

NUM1

NUM2

NUM1

v PHYSICAL MODEL ILLUSTRATION

Memory status before variable declaration:

Memory status after variable declaration/ labeling

Three spaces are reserved for variable NUM1, NUM2, OUTPUT

NUM1

OUTPUT

NUM2

Memory status after data feeding/ data input

NUM2

NUM1

OUTPUT

Memory status after data processing

NUM1

NUM2

OUTPUT

v A SIMPLE PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE AREA OF RECTANGLE:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int area, lenght, width;

lenght=14;

width=6;

area= lenght*width;

cout <<lenght << "cm";

}

v RAM DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATION

RESERVED

FREE

RESERVED

FREE

AREA

WIDTH

LENGHT

AREA

WIDTH

AREA

WIDTH

LENGHT

PHYSICAL MODEL ILLUSTRATION

Memory status before variable declaration:

Memory status after variable declaration/ labeling

Three spaces are reserved for variable NUM1, NUM2, OUTPUT

AREA

LENGHT

WIDTH

Memory status after data feeding/ data input

WIDTH

AREA

LENGHT

Memory status after data processing

OUTPUT

NUM2

NUM1

v A SIMPLE PROGRAM THAT FINDS THE AREA OF TRIANGLE WHERE BASE=16, HEIGHT=14

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

float A, height, base;

height=14;

base=16;

A= 0.5*height*base;

cout <<A << "cm";

}

v RAM DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATION

RESERVED

FREE

112

FREE

RESERVED

FREE

HEIGHT

BASE

HEIGHT

BASE

HEIGHT

v PHYSICAL MODEL ILLUSTRATION

Memory status before variable declaration:

Memory status after variable declaration/ labeling

HEIGHT

BASE

Memory status after data feeding/ data input

HEIGHT

BASE

Memory status after data processing

BASE

HEIGHT

v A SIMPLE CALCULATOR PROGRAM

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

float num1, num2,answer;

string opareta;

cout<<"choose operator e.g +or -or /or X"<<endl;

cin>> opareta;

cout<<"enter two operands"<<endl;

cin>>num1;

cin>>num2;

if (opareta=="+")

{

answer=num1+num2;

cout<<answer;

}

else if (opareta=="-")

{

answer=num1-num2;

cout<<answer;

}

else if (opareta=="*")

{

answer=num1*num2;

cout<<answer;

}

else if (opareta=="/")

{

cout<<"note: numerator should be greater than denominator"<<endl;

answer=num1/num2;

cout<<answer;

}

else

{

cout <<"invalid input";

}

v CODE MODIFICATION USING SWITCH STATEMENT OF THE ABOVE CALCULATOR PROGRAM

# include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

char x;

float num1, num2,answer;

cout << "Enter operator either + or - or * or /: "<<endl;

cin >> x;

cout << "Enter two operands:"<<endl;

cin >> num1 >> num2;

switch(x)

{

case '+':

answer=num1+num2;

cout << answer;

break;

case '-':

answer= num1-num2;

cout <<answer;

break;

case '*':

answer=num1*num2;

cout <<answer;

break;

case '/':

answer=num1/num2;

cout << answer;

break;

default:

cout << "Error! operator is not correct";

break;

}

return 0;

}

RAM DIAGRAM to illustrate switch case calculator program from above

When “+” operator is choosen

RESERVED

FREE

answer

Num2

answer

Num2

Num1

answer

Num1

Num2

Num1

When “-” operator is choosen

RESERVED

-2

RESERVED

FREE

answer

Num2

answer

Num2

Num1

answer

Num1

Num2

Num1

When “*” operator is choosen

RESERVED

FREE

answer

Num2

answer

Num2

Num1

answer

Num1

Num2

Num1

When “/” operator is choosen

RESERVED

FREE

answer

Num2

answer

Num2

Num1

answer

Num1

Num2

Num1

v THE PHYSICAL MODEL ILLUSTRATING ABOVE SWITCH CASE PROGRAM

Memory status before variable declaration:

Memory status after variable declaration/ labeling

ANSWER

NUM2

NUM1

Memory status after data feeding/ data input

NUM2

NUM1

Memory status after data processing

ANSWER

NUM2

NUM1

Memory status after data processing

NUM1

NUM2

ANSWER

The same to other operators /,-,and *

v FOR LOOP PROGRAM TO COUNT 2010 UNTIL 2020

# include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

for(int year=2010; year<=2020;year++)

cout <<year<<endl;

}

v PHYSICAL MODEL DO ILLUSTRATE ABOVE LOOP

Memory status after variable declaration/ labeling and data initialization

count

v PHYSICAL MODEL DO ILLUSTRATE ABOVE LOOP

FREE

count

FREE

count

v DO WHILE PROGRAM

# include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int count=1;

{

cout<<count<<endl;

count++;

}

while(count<=5);

}

v PHYSICAL MODEL FROM ABOVE LOOP

count

v PHYSICAL MODEL DO ILLUSTRATE ABOVE LOOP

FREE

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FREE

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Sms: 0746 850755

@2020

Dodoma Tanzania

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